ch 23

Chapter 23 talks about the Global interaction and the changes.All over the world the human impact globally plays a big role on our environment. No matter if you are from Europe, Africa, South America, Mexico, China, and many more places we all have one thing in common, we all live on earth. This is our earth and we need to take care of it the best we can because we only have one. This brings me to my next point when Strayer uses the word "Anthropocene era". what this is talking about is the human era. He talked about environmental movements have been starting since the 1960s to see how us humans are impacting the earth including animals and plants. There are three factors that magnified the human impact on earth's ecological system. They include the explosion of human numbers, energy potential of fossil fuels, and phenomenal economic growth. The worlds population quadrupled in a single century. We went from 1.6 billion people in 1900 to over 7 billion people in 2012, it is probably even higher now! The fossil fuels had to deal with coal in the 19th century and oil in the twentieth century. We added things like hydroelectricity, natural gas, and nuclear power.  The last one really coincides with the rest with having modern science and technology increasing the production of goods and services.

ch 22

Chapter 22 talks about Nelson Mandela and what he has done for South Africa. For example some background information on him is that he was the leader of South African nationalists. Also that he was put on trial and convicted for the conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of his country and also for treason and some other things. Nelson Mandela's consequences for this was to be in jail for 27 years. Also throughout this chapter I learned a little about the way that the difficulty and struggling for peoples independence occurred. A lot of dates and events were something that I learned throughout this chapter especially with the time line that was presented. The time line really helped me to keep track of and to connect all of the events to the dates that they happened during. The Austrian and Ottoman empires collapsed following World War I. The Russian empire also unraveled but then reassembled under the Soviet Union. The World War II ended the German and Japanese empires. Ghandi was another huge icon who was recognized in the global struggle against colonial rule in India. He stood for independence and to many people was the Great Soul. It was said he possessed magical powers and produced miraculous events. He was different than Mandela because he didn't call for social revolution but rather he wanted to transform the morals of individuals. Both of these men are powerful figures that without them the world might of been different today. I feel like in our time right now we need someone like them to help transform this world and make a change.

ch 21

chapter 21 talks about the disappointment of WW1. It was suppose to be the war to end all wars but it wasn't.  Now the major European stats have ended centuries of hostility. Europe had recovered between 1950 and 2000. It was without its overseas empires and its position as the core of Western civilization. Around the 1900s the balance of power in Europe was shaped by two rival alliances. The Triple alliance and Triple Entente. The triple alliance was Germany, Austria, and Italy. the Triple Entente was Russia, France, and Britain. Austria was determined to crush the nationalism movement. In Asia and Africa many gained military skills and political awareness. The United States appeared as a global power. The U.S. manpower had been important in the defeat of Germany. The war loosen the hold of many traditional values in Europe. For example, enormous casualties promoted social mobility, women increasingly won the right to vote, and the rise of a new consumerism.

ch 20

Chapter 20 is about the Collapse at the Center world War, Depression, and the Re balancing of Global Power in 1914-1970s. The Great War known as the first World War in 1914-1998 achieved the 20th century. European civil war provoked the Russian Revolution and the start of world communism. Communism was the beginning point of the economic melt down of the Great Depression. The Holocaust also begin and Jews lost their citizenship in Germany. Hitler made a rule that you had to have blue eyes and blonde hair to be concerned a German. The war brought social and cultural changes to Germany and Italy. Women didn't have the rights to do "men jobs". The Great War brought in many states into existences. Russia and China became the first communist countries. Fascism was a new political ideology that found expression across much of Europe. It was a system of the government that had control of the people.

chapter 19

This chapter talks about the Empires Collision in Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. China century of crisis was from 1793-1911. The emperor Qianlong(1736) was the last great Qing emperor. the 19th century marked the end of China's greatness. The agricultural and military had declined, combined with administrative and economic collapse led to higher taxes and peasant unrest. The British Opium Wars(1839-42 and 1856-1858) led to the Taiping Uprising(1850-64). China lost 20 to 30 million people which gained an ever increasing deficit, and succumbed to foreign occupation. In 1895 China lost in a war with Japan and lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan and in 1898-1901 the internal uprising called the Boxer Rebellion led to Western powers controlling China. The Chinese government sent a  Chinese Education Mission of 120 Chinese students to America to study Western subjects with the understanding that they would return to China to help to reform the government. In 1898, the movement was cancelled but Chinese students who went to Massachusetts and Connecticut schools and then on to Yale University, did return and took part in liberalizing China in the early 20th century. The Ottoman Empire, "Sick Man of Europe" was the middle east. Napoleons 1798 invasion Egypt was the beginning of a serious of invasions into Ottoman territories. The European powers fought the Crimean War, 1853-56 in the western part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882 Britain invaded Egypt and took it as a colony with a figurehead King. The final blow came in the First World War when the empire collapsed. In 1919-22 Kemal Ataturk fought a war of Independence against France, Italy, Britain, and Greece, creating a Turkish Republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire. Becoming the republic's first President and major reformer. The Japanese Miracle of independence and power was probably not surprising since its reforms under the Tokugawa Shogunate strengthened the government, economy, and society.

ch 18 + ch 18 documents

Chapter 18 is about the Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa.  Behind much of Europe's 19th century expansion lay the massive fact of its Industrial Revolution, a process that gave rise to new economic needs, many of which found solutions abroad. Created the need for extensive raw materials and agricultural products. For example, bananas came from Central America, Rubber came from Brazil, Meat came from Argentina, and gold and diamonds came from South Africa. By 1840, Britain was exporting 60% of its cotton-cloth production, sending millions of yards to Europe. Industrialization society led to serious redistribution of wealth. Colonies and spheres of influence aboard became symbols of great power, status for a nation. Race and Culture changed since now Europeans had more advance techniques and things. Charles Darwin was the man to start "social Darwinism". It was the destruction of  unfitted races. Women and Colonial economy was the things women had to do. Women are expected to feed their own families and usually allocated their own fields with that purpose. Women had to supply food to men in the cities to compensate for very low urban wages. Colonial development served for better or worse to further integration of Asian and African economies into a global network of exchange. Schools trained the army of intermediaries on which colonial rule depended on and modest health care fulfilled some of the civilizing missions.India became a independent country after two centuries of colonial rule by world's first industrial society. It was still one of the poorest of the world's developing countries. As far was religion, Christianity was widely associated with modern education, and in Africa missions schools were primary providers of Western Education. By the 1960s about 50 million Africans claimed Christian identity.

Documents(visual sources)

The scramble for Africa took place as Europe saw Africa as a source for raw materials and opportunities for missionaries. The picture showing a French commander over a dead soldier shows that the French saw Africans as power and that they frequently used Africans for military conquests. The British wanted the area from Egypt and South Africa. The picture showing a British person with both feet on Egypt and South Africa reveals that the British saw themselves as almighty and capable of anything.They want to conquer and take over both lands. The image showing the British and French standing over their territory and a pile of bones shows they did whatever it takes to win. There were no rules in fighting. The image with the Ethiopians fighting off the Europeans shows the power and strength they had to protect their land.

ch 15

Chapter 15 is about the early modern era that was intersected by 2 cultural trends that is still in use in today's world. The decline in Christianity after the Black Plague leading to the Protestant reformation came at quite an interesting time simply because not only was religion changing, peoples ideas about science during the scientific revolution lead to an even further decline in peoples faith. Galileo improved the telescope. Copernicus posited that the sun is at the center of solar system. Also, he said the earth rotates on its axis and planets revolve around the sun. Isaac Newton found the concept of gravitation and invented calculus. 

1st wave: spread of Christianity to North America and South America

2nd wave: Africa, Asia, and Australia , scientific methods; movement for Independence