chapter 19

This chapter talks about the Empires Collision in Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. China century of crisis was from 1793-1911. The emperor Qianlong(1736) was the last great Qing emperor. the 19th century marked the end of China's greatness. The agricultural and military had declined, combined with administrative and economic collapse led to higher taxes and peasant unrest. The British Opium Wars(1839-42 and 1856-1858) led to the Taiping Uprising(1850-64). China lost 20 to 30 million people which gained an ever increasing deficit, and succumbed to foreign occupation. In 1895 China lost in a war with Japan and lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan and in 1898-1901 the internal uprising called the Boxer Rebellion led to Western powers controlling China. The Chinese government sent a  Chinese Education Mission of 120 Chinese students to America to study Western subjects with the understanding that they would return to China to help to reform the government. In 1898, the movement was cancelled but Chinese students who went to Massachusetts and Connecticut schools and then on to Yale University, did return and took part in liberalizing China in the early 20th century. The Ottoman Empire, "Sick Man of Europe" was the middle east. Napoleons 1798 invasion Egypt was the beginning of a serious of invasions into Ottoman territories. The European powers fought the Crimean War, 1853-56 in the western part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882 Britain invaded Egypt and took it as a colony with a figurehead King. The final blow came in the First World War when the empire collapsed. In 1919-22 Kemal Ataturk fought a war of Independence against France, Italy, Britain, and Greece, creating a Turkish Republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire. Becoming the republic's first President and major reformer. The Japanese Miracle of independence and power was probably not surprising since its reforms under the Tokugawa Shogunate strengthened the government, economy, and society.